The breakdown into simpler components of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

The processes by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution.

The formation from simpler components of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-galactose.

The complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate.

A multisubunit non-phosphorylated ATPase that is involved in the transport of ions. Large enzymes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria with a membrane sector (F0, V0, A0) and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, A1). The F-type enzymes of the inner mitochondrial and thylakoid membranes act as ATP synthases. All of the enzymes included here operate in a rotational mode, where the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits, as well as the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient. The V-type (in vacuoles and clathrin-coated vesicles) and A-type (archebacterial) enzymes have a similar structure but, under physiological conditions, they pump hydrogen ion rather than synthesize ATP.