The formation from simpler components of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

The breakdown into simpler components of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.

The formation from simpler components of guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.

A change in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.

DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation

The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the perception of DNA damage.

The chemical reactions involving queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the perception of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.

The formation from simpler components of 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the perception of DNA damage.