A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposition of phosphatidylserine.

A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis.

A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis.

Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in striated muscle tissue.

regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.

The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles. It comprises numerous regularly arranged subunits, or capsomeres.

substrate-bound cell migration, cell extension

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate, i.e. the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).