The formation from simpler components of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end.

Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = phosphate + N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end.

Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NADP+ = biliverdin + NADPH + H+.

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein + CO2 = ADP + phosphate + carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein.

A multienzyme complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.

A component, along with aminomethyltransferase, of the glycine cleavage system; it is found as a homodimer or as a tetramer with two alpha subunits and two beta subunits.

Any substance involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a.

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

The processes by which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (sensu Eukaryota)

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (lipoamide) (sensu Eukaryota)

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. As in, but not restricted to, the eukaryotes (Eukaryota, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2759).