A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).

A membrane-bound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH.

A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.

A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of six protein subunits. Involved in transcription by RNA polymerase II and in nucleotide excision repair.

Any protein complex that acts in the formation of nucleosomes or higher order chromatin structure.

Unwinding of the condensed nuclear chromatin of an inactive sperm nucleus.

fertilization, exchange of chromosomal proteins

Replacement of sperm-specific chromosomal proteins with somatic histones, to allow the paternal genome to acquire a nucleosomal chromatin organization compatible with nuclear activity.

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 2 H2O = formate + 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropteridine triphosphate.

Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

A multiprotein complex that forms the critical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined, to muscle cells. The constituents of the complex are somewhat tissue specific. The rod-like dystrophin forms a link between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane; links between dystrophin and the extracellular matrix are provided by the sarcoglycan complex.

Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+.