The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.

The formation from simpler components of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

The breakdown into simpler components of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.

Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.

A enzyme complex which, in E. coli, is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex. Catalyses the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis.

A multimeric enzyme complex that in E. coli is an heterooctamer made up of four alpha subunits and four beta subunits. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides.

The second outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein from biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity.