Progression through metaphase of meiosis I; analogous to mitotic metaphase.

Progression through anaphase of meiosis I; analogous to mitotic anaphase.

Progression through the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome.

Progression through prophase of meiosis II; analogous to mitotic prophase.

The ATP-dependent posttranslational addition of a tyrosine residue to the C-terminus of a protein; typically the addition of tyrosine to the C-terminus of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin by the enzyme tubulin-tyrosine ligase.

peripheral to membrane of membrane fraction

Peripheral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; can be extracted from membrane fraction with high concentrations of salt or high pH.

retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi

retrograde (vesicle recycling within Golgi) transport

The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst.