Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the formation of substances from simpler components.

Any process that activates or increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of substances from simpler components.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate, frequency or extent of chemical reactions involving a substance.

Any process that activates or increases the rate, frequency or extent of chemical reactions involving a substance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the breakdown of substances into simpler components.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate, frequency or extent of the breakdown of substances into simpler components.

Any process that activates or increases the rate, frequency or extent of the breakdown of substances into simpler components.

The side of the plasma membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm.

The side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.

A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria.

The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.